Tizón de plántulas de Soja (damping-off) (complejo fúngico)

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Grupo de cultivos: Oleaginosas

Especie hospedante: Soja (Glycine max)

Epidemiología: monocíclica, aguda.

Etiología: Hongo. Necrotrófico

Agente causal: Los hongos frecuentemente aislados de plántulas afectadas son habitantes del suelo:

Pythium spp.,

Phytophthora sojae,

Fusarium solani, F. equiseti, F. oxysporum, Fusarium spp.

Rhizoctonia solani,

Sclerotium rolfsii,

También pueden causar tizón, los hongos transmitidos por semillas como:

el complejo Diaporthe/Phomopsis,

Cercospora,

Colletotrichum

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Síntomas

Frecuentemente se observan lotes de soja con fallas en la germinación y muerte de semillas y de plántulas, tanto en pre como en post emergencia (Vc, VI, V2 hasta V3). Los ataques pueden producirse por inoculo presente en semillas, en el suelo y/o en rastrojos, provocando lesiones color castaño claro sobre raíces e hipocótilo, marchitamiento, podredumbre y tizón de plántulas. Las plántulas enfermas presentan síntomas de amarillamiento, luego se necrosan y mueren. Las condiciones de estrés hídrico favorecen el ataque de Fusarium spp.

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Condiciones ambientales predisponentes para el establecimiento de la enfermedad

Esta enfermedad suele presentarse con condiciones de baja temperatura y/o alta humedad del suelo, que reducen la velocidad de germinación y emergencia de las plántulas. También predispone el ataque la baja calidad de semillas (por daño físico, daño mecánico, daño por chinche, daño por humedad, etc.).

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Manejo de la enfermedad

Estos hongos tienen numerosos huéspedes y sobreviven en los rastrojos y en el suelo, a través de estructuras de resistencia o saprofíticamente. Por lo tanto se recomienda utilizar semillas de buena calidad fisiológica, sanitaria y pureza físico-botánica; y tratarlas con fungicidas, lo cual aumenta el poder germinativo y el vigor de las plántulas, controlando patógenos y brindando protección durante la germinación. La siembra en condiciones ambientales favorables que permitan una emergencia rápida y uniforme (evitar las bajas temperaturas y el agua libre en el suelo y procurar una adecuada profundidad de siembra) determinan menores pérdidas. Rotación de cultivos (fundamentalmente con gramíneas).

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Bibliografía

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