Roya amarilla o estriada del trigo (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici)

https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-98-6-0632.

Condición fitosanitaria: Presente

Grupo de cultivos: Cereales

Rango de hospedantes: muy específico / estrecho

Hospedante primario o agronómico (estado uredinial/telial): trigo blando o común (Triticum aestivum L.), trigo duro (T. turgidum var. durum L.), trigo emmer cultivado (T. dicoccum Schrank), trigo emmer silvestre (T. dicoccoides Korn) y triticale (Triticosecale). Pst puede infectar ciertas cebadas cultivadas (Hordeum vulgare L.) y centeno (Secale cereale L.), pero generalmente no causa epidemias graves. Además, Pst puede infectar especies de pastos naturalizados y mejorados, como Elymus canadensis L., Leymus secalinus Hochst, Agropyron spp. Garetn, Hordeum spp. L., Phalaris spp. L y Bromus unioloides Kunth. (estadios telial/uredinial) (Chen et al., 2014).

Hospedante intermediario (estado pycnial/aecial): Berberis o agracejo (Berberis chinensis, B. koreana, B. holstii, B. vulgaris, B. shensiana, B. potaninii, B. dolichobotrys, B. heteropoda, etc.) y uva de Oregon  (Mahonia aquifolium, Mahonia spp., etc.) (estadios pycnial / aecial) (Chen et al., 2014).

Epidemiología: policíclica, subaguda

Ciclo: macrocíclica, heteroica

Etiología: Hongo. Biotrófico

Agente causal: Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici   Westend., (1854) (Pst)

Taxonomía: Fungi > Basidiomycota > Pucciniomycotina > Pucciniomycetes > Pucciniales > Pucciniaceae > Puccinia

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Nuevas razas detectadas en Argentina:

SEVERE EPIDEMICS OF WHEAT YELLOW RUST IN ARGENTINA. GRRC. 09-02-2018

GRRC Summary of Puccinia striiformis race analysis 2017 (online February 10, 2018)

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Antecedentes

Históricamente, P. striiformis siempre se manifestó con mayor frecuencia en la región sur de la provincia de Buenos Aires, debido a sus requerimientos de temperaturas frescas. Sin embargo, en las últimas campañas agrícolas, desde 2017/2018 y 2018/2019, se han desarrollado epidemias inéditas en zonas de mayores temperaturas medias, como la zona núcleo de la Pradera Pampeana (sur de Santa Fe, norte de Buenos Aires, Córdoba y Entre Ríos), y desde Agosto 2018 se ha detectado en la provincia de Tucumán.

Un caso similar de adaptación de Pst a regiones con temperaturas medias más cálidas había sido previamente ya observado en el sur de E.E.U.U. De acuerdo con las investigaciones de Milus et al. (2006, 2009), los nuevos aislamientos estaban mejor adaptados y, por lo tanto, fueron más agresivos a temperaturas más altas que los antiguos aislamientos. Estas diferencias pueden haber contribuido a la gravedad de las epidemias registradas en esa región y al rango geográfico de expansión para la roya amarilla en USA (Markell y Milus, 2008). Los nuevos aislamientos terminaron por reemplazar a los viejos, al igual que ocurrió más recientemente en Europa. En E.E.U.U. también se ha comprobado que Pst es capaz de acumular diferentes genes de virulencia para producir razas más complejas (Liu et al., 2017). En ese país se detectaron más razas, razas más nuevas y razas con más genes de virulencia desde el año 2000 que antes de 2000. En comparación con la población de 1968 en E.E.U.U., en la que cada raza tenía un número medio de un gen de virulencia, la población de 2009 tenía razas que poseían cada una más de 10 genes de virulencia en promedio. Recientemente en China también se comprobó que Pst posee una alta diversidad y recombinación genética (Duan et al., 2010).

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Síntomas y signos

Las pústulas amarillentas ocurren sobre las hojas y están dispuestas en estrías paralelas a las nervaduras.

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Condiciones predisponentes

La capacidad de esporulación y la eficiencia de infección de P. striiformis se ven afectadas principalmente por la temperatura del aire, la duración del mojado foliar (horas) y la intensidad de la luz (de Vallavieille-Pope et al., 1995). El efecto combinado de las variables climáticas que conducen a la infección por P. striiformis y el posterior progreso a campo no se ha establecido completamente, aún se requiere más investigación con las nuevas cepas adaptadas a mayores temperaturas.

* Para el establecimiento de la enfermedad (infecciones primarias):

la formación de rocío durante varias horas es una condición predisponente ya que las uredosporas de Pst necesitan al menos 3 horas con valores cercanos a la saturación, para germinar e infectar. Las lluvias pueden ser predisponentes porque en general aseguran las horas de mojado foliar. Las lluvias podrían contribuir a la dispersión de las uredinosporas, pero lluvias en exceso o intensas podrían remover esporas suspendidas en el aire, disminuyendo las existencias de esporas disponibles (stock) e inhibir procesos de esporulación durante horas (Geagea et al., 1999; 2000).

Los requisitos de temperatura del aire para las distintas fases de desarrollo, desde la germinación hasta la esporulación, difieren ligeramente. Estudios previos (con las razas históricas no adaptadas a mayores temperaturas) determinaron temperaturas con óptimos que oscilan entre 10 y 15 °C, y máximos alrededor de 20 °C (Sache, 2000). En Francia, Mboup et al. (2012) estudiaron la adaptación específica a la temperatura de Pst. Mediante experimentos de laboratorio, estudiaron aislados de Pst del norte (más frío) y sur (más cálido) de Francia en cuanto a su capacidad para germinar e infectar cultivares de trigo harinero y duro en un gradiente de temperatura (se determinó la capacidad de infección con pruebas de patogenicidad a las temperaturas 7, 10, 15, 20 y 25°C). Las interacciones del origen del patógeno × temperatura para la infectividad y la tasa de germinación sugieren una adaptación local a los regímenes de alta y baja temperatura en el sur y el norte. Los experimentos de competencia en los sitios de campo del sur y del norte mostraron una ventaja competitiva general de los aislamientos del sur sobre los del norte. Esta ventaja fue particularmente pronunciada en el sur, de acuerdo con un modelo que integra la infectividad del laboratorio y la variación de la temperatura de campo. La estructura estable de la población de Pst en Francia probablemente refleja la adaptación a factores ecológicos y genéticos: la persistencia de las cepas de Pst del sur puede deberse a la adaptación al clima mediterráneo más cálido; y la persistencia de las cepas de Pst del norte puede explicarse por la adaptación a los cultivares de uso común, para los cuales los aislamientos del sur carecen de los genes de virulencia relevantes. En Luxemburgo, Europa, El Jarroudi et al. (2017) encontraron que una combinación de humedad relativa >92% y temperaturas entre 4°C y 16°C durante un mínimo de 4 horas continuas, asociado con lluvias ≤ 0.1 mm, fue óptima para el desarrollo de epidemias de roya amarilla o estriada del trigo.

En Argentina, históricamente, temperaturas entre 10 a 15 °C fueron las conducentes para las cepas de Pst endémicas en el sudeste de Buenos Aires. Esta es la razón por la cual la ocurrencia epidemiológica de la roya amarilla, durante los últimos años, fue siempre esporádica y recluida a regiones con temperaturas medias más bajas, como el sudesde de la provincia de Buenos Aires. Sin embargo, en las últimas campañas agrícolas, desde 2017/2018 y 2018/2019, se han desarrollado epidemias inéditas en zonas de mayores temperaturas medias, como la zona núcleo de la Pradera Pampeana (sur de Santa Fe, norte de Buenos Aires, Córdoba y Entre Ríos), y desde agosto 2018 se ha detectado en la provincia de Tucumán.

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* Para la dispersión de la enfermedad (infecciones secundarias): Días soleados y ventosos y noches con formación de rocío durante varias horas.

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En inoculaciones artificiales en Canadá, se observaron aumentos significativos en los niveles de severidad luego de la aplicación de 1.2 x 10⁷ esporas. En conjunto, estos resultados demostraron que la severidad de la roya lineal aumentó con el aumento de la concentración de esporas solo en niveles altos de esporas.

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Ciclo de la enfermedad

Se ha demostrado recientemente que la roya estriada del trigo, causada por Pst, es heteroica y macrocíclica (Jin et al., 2010; Zhao et al., 2013).

Las basidiosporas binucleadas, doblemente haploides (2*N), de corta duración, infectan el agracejo (Berberis spp) al comienzo del ciclo de infección sexual (ver figuras a continuación). Durante las infecciones exitosas, Pst forma picnios en la cara superior (adaxial) de la hoja y produce picniosporas haploides mononucleadas (N), con tipo de apareamiento específico. La fusión de picniosporas con hifas receptivas de un picnio compatible con el tipo de apareamiento inicia la dicariotización y el desarrollo de un ecidio (aecium) (N+N′) en la cara inferior (abaxial) de la hoja. Múltiples eventos distintos de dicariotización pueden ocurrir dentro de un solo picnio, dando lugar a ecidios (aecias) genéticamente diversos. Las ecidiosporas (aeciosporas) vegetativas (N+N′) solo pueden infectar al hospedante primario o agronómico (trigo), e iniciar el ciclo de infección asexual. La infección exitosa del trigo conduce a la formación de pústulas uredosóricas de color amarillo en ambos lados de la hoja, y cada pústula expulsa miles de urediniosporas dicarióticas (N+N′). Para completar su ciclo de vida sexual, Pst cambia a la formación de telios (teliosoros) al final de la temporada de crecimiento del trigo y produce teliosporas inicialmente dicarióticas (N+N′) de paredes gruesas. Luego, estas esporas sufren fusión nuclear (cariogamia, NN′) y sucesivas meiosis con recombinación sexual generando nueva diversidad genética. Luego, las esporas germinan inmediatamente, iniciando el desarrollo del (meta o pro)basidio y la producción de cuatro basidiosporas doble haploides binucleadas (2*N) listas para infectar el agracejo (hospedante intermediario).

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Manejo Integrado

* Siembra de cultivares resistentes

* Uso de fungicidas de acuerdo con umbrales de decisión económica

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Detecciones 2018:

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Detecciones 2019:

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Detecciones 2021:

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Novedades

* Nuevas razas detectadas en Argentina: SEVERE EPIDEMICS OF WHEAT YELLOW RUST IN ARGENTINA. GRRC. 09-02-2018

* Carmona M, Sautua F, Pérez-Hernández O, Grosso C, Vettorello L, Milanesio B, Corvi E, Almada G, Hovmøller M (2019) Rapid emergency response to yellow rust epidemics caused by newly introduced lineages of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici in Argentina. Tropical Plant Pathology 44: 385–391. doi: 10.1007/s40858-019-00295-y

* GRRC Summary of Puccinia striiformis race analysis 2017 (online February 10, 2018)

* Carmona M, Sautua F (2018) Epidemias de roya amarilla del trigo. Nuevas razas en el mundo, monitoreo y decisión de uso de fungicidas. Agronomía & Ambiente, Revista de la Facultad de Agronomía UBA 38(1): 37-58.

* Protocolo muestreo Roya Amarilla Trigo 2017 FAUBA Carmona Sautua (video)

* INTA EEA Paraná (Ing. Norma Formento) – Bolsa de Cereales de Entre Río. ALERTA DE ENFERMEDADES DEL TRIGO N°5 12 septiembre 2018

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Fotos

Stripe Rust. Washington State University

Puccinia striiformis Westend. Rust Fungi of Australia.

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Videos

Rust: the fungi that attacks plants. Created by Chris Hammang, Producer Sean O’Donoghue, Scientific Consultant Peter Dodds. C SIRO (Video)

Stripe rust of wheat (video)

GCTV20: Rust Analysis – Stripe Rust (Australia) (video)

Triple Rust Resistance (video)

Integrated Genomics Approach to combat wheat yellow rust (video)

Yellow rust in organic Warrior winter wheat (video)

Yellow Rust Disease Destroys Wheat Crop in Northern India (video)

Stripe rust of wheat. CPS Canadian Phytopathological Society (video)

GWAS identifies QTLs for yellow rust resistance in Ethiopian durum wheat (video)

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 Notas

Stripe Rust of Wheat on the Move. ILLINOIS FIELD CROP DISEASE BLOG

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