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Condición fitosanitaria: Presente
Grupo de cultivos: Frutícolas
Especie hospedante: Arándano (Vaccinium corymbosum L. 1753)
Rango de hospedantes: no específico / amplio. B. cinerea es un hongo polífago con un amplio rango de hospedantes y de amplia difusión mundial, siendo el agente causal de la podredumbre gris en diversos cultivos de importancia económica, tales como el arándano, la vid, el kiwi, la frutilla, el tomate, etc. Se han reportado más de 1400 especies de plantas atacadas por Botrytis, de 596 géneros, en 170 familias (Fillinger & Elad, 2016).
Epidemiología: policíclica, subaguda
Etiología: Hongo. Necrotrófico
Agente causal: Botrytis cinerea Pers.:Fr. (anamórfo), Botryotinia fuckeliana (de Bary) Whetzel (teleomorfo)
Taxonomía: Eukaryota > Fungi > Dikarya > Ascomycota > Pezizomycotina > Leotiomycetes > Helotiales > Sclerotiniaceae > Botrytis
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Síntomas
La infección generalmente se inicia en racimos florales u hojas, produciéndose una lesión circular, de color café y con forma circular. También puede afectar brotes nuevos. Los síntomas de la flor consistieron en una necrosis parcial a completa de los tejidos del cáliz y de la corola, con un pardeamiento necrótico en la superficie del fruto que eventualmente es acompañado por una piel resbaladiza y una abundante esporulación gris.
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Esquema del ciclo de vida del patógeno
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Daños
B. cinerea es uno de los hongos más frecuentes que atacan en postcosecha.
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Epidemiología y condiciones predisponentes
El patógeno inverna como esclerocios o micelio en restos de frutas enfermas. En general el moho gris (Botryotinia fuckeliana / Botrytis cinerea) se considera un patógeno débil, que solo infecta las plantas dañadas o débiles. En primavera los esclerocios germinan, produciendo ramilletes de conidióforos de color negro, con los ápices llenos de conidios de color gris plomizo. La esporulación y dispersión de conidios (inóculo) es clave. La dispersión de los conidios es por viento. El proceso de infección requiere de agua libre sobre la superficie del follaje del arándano. Las lluvias con temperaturas frescas alrededor de la floración son las principales condiciones climáticas para el inicio de la enfermedad. La secreción de enzimas (cutinasa, pectinasas, etc.) y toxinas (botrydal) juegan también un rol clave en la patogenia. Infecciones latentes pueden mostrar síntomas y signos en postcosecha.
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Manejo de la enfermedad
* Uso de variedades menos susceptibles.
* Debido a la gran cantidad de restos florales, que son potenciales fuentes de inóculo y de difícil eliminación, el manejo se basa preferentemente en el control químico, mediante el uso de fungicidas aplicados en forma preventiva desde pre-floración hasta cosecha. Los períodos críticos de control son la floración y la madurez de la fruta.
* Se deben respetar todas las buenas prácticas de manejo de fungicidas ya que B. cinerea es un patógeno con un alto nivel de variabilidad genética y de alto riesgo de generar resistencia a fungicidas.
* Evitar la fertilización excesiva de nitrógeno. Se debe lograr una fertilización balanceada.
* Manejo cultural: cortar y remover tejidos viejos infectados.
* Evitar cosechar frota sobremadura.
* No cosechar fruta mojada.
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Bibliografía
Botrytis cinerea. Sistema Nacional Argentino de Vigilancia y Monitoreo de plagas
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