Nemátodos parásitos de la soja y otros cultivos (Meloidogyne spp)

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Condición fitosanitaria: Plaga no cuarentenaria reglamentada

Grupo de cultivos: Oleaginosas

Rango de hospedantes: Ampio, no específico, Cientos a miles de especies, incluyendo cutlivos extensivos de grano, pastos, hortalizas, frutales y numerosas malezas.

Especie hospedante: Soja (Glycine max)

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Agente causal:

Meloidogyne javanica (Treub, 1885),

M. incognita (Kofoid & White, 1919)(southern root knot),

M. hapla Chitwood, 1949 (northern root knot),

M. arenaria (Neal, 1889)(peanut root knot),

M. enterlobii (guava root knot),

Meloidogyne spp. (~100 species)

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Síntomas

Los síntomas más característicos incluyen el retraso en el crecimiento y la clorosis, son los principales síntomas visibles de la infección.

Sin embargo, puede producirse una pérdida significativa de rendimiento sin que se observen síntomas en la superficie, y las infecciones suelen detectarse en una fase posterior, cuando ya se han causado daños importantes al cultivo.

Los síntomas subterráneos incluyen raíces atrofiadas y de color oscuro, y una reducción en la formación de nódulos fijadores de nitrógeno.

El nematodo eclosiona del huevo como un nemátodo juvenil infeccioso, de segunda etapa (J2).

La eclosión y migración del SCN se ve favorecida por los exudados de las raíces de las plantas hospedantes.

La penetración en la raíz suele producirse en las puntas de las raíces en crecimiento, en los puntos de unión de las raíces laterales o en las heridas.

El movimiento de J2 a través de la raíz es intracelular hacia el cilindro vascular de la raíz.

El nematodo J2 comienza entonces a secretar pequeñas proteínas llamadas efectores en las células del cilindro vascular a través del estilete.

Estos efectores modifican el metabolismo y la función de las células hospedantes de soja, creando un sitio de alimentación especializado llamado sincitio, que sirve como única fuente de nutrición durante el resto de su ciclo de vida.

El sincitio es una estructura multinucleada con un citoplasma denso que se forma mediante la disolución de las paredes celulares entre células vecinas.

El desarrollo de este sitio de alimentación puede impedir el crecimiento y el desarrollo de la soja al interferir con la función de las raíces, y el daño causado por la alimentación puede facilitar la entrada de hongos y bacterias patógenas presentes en el suelo.

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Bibliografía

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