Tizón o Helmintosporiosis común del Maíz (Exserohilum turcicum)

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Condición fitosanitaria: Presente ampliamente distribuida

Grupo de cultivos: Cereales

Especie hospedante: Maíz (Zea mays)

Rango de hospedantes: Shurleff (1980), Frederiksen y Franklin (1980) y Wathaneeyawech et al. (2015) estudiaron el rango de hospedadores de E. turcicum y encontró que además de maíz, el sorgo, cebada, avena, arroz, mijo, pasto de Sudán, pasto Johnson y plántulas de tabaco son hospedantes alternativos de este patógeno. Sin embargo, el único hospedante epidemiológicamente importante es el sorgo.

Etiología: Hongo. Hemibiotrófico

Agente causal: Exserohilum turcicum   (Pass.) K.J. Leonard & Suggs, 2018  

Taxonomía: Eukaryota > Fungi > Dikarya > Ascomycota > Pezizomycotina > Dothideomycetes > Pleosporales > Pleosporaceae > Exserohilum (anamorph)

synonym: Helminthosporium turcicum

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La enfermedad fue descripta por primera vez en 1876 por Passerini (Campi, 1938).

Actualmente, en Argentina y Brasil predomina la raza 0 (cero) (Navarro et al., 2021).

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Antecedentes

Durante la campaña 2009-2010, esta enfermedad atacó severamente a lotes de maíz especialmente en la zona maicera de Córdoba y en algunas de Santa Fe. Desde entonces su importancia se ha incrementado especialmente sobre maíces de siembra tardía. El control químico y genético son alternativas para su manejo emergencial.

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Síntomas

Uno de los primeros síntomas consiste en la aparición de manchas pequeñas, ligeramente ovaladas y acuosas que se producen en las hojas. Estas lesiones se transforman luego en zonas necróticas y alargadas. Los síntomas aparecen generalmente en las hojas inferiores aproximadamente una semana después de la infección, como lesiones foliares de forma elíptica y alargadas. La longitud puede variar de 2,5 a 15 cm, y son predominantemente de color ceniza, a veces verde-grisáceas o pardas. La expresión de los síntomas puede variar dependiendo del genotipo de la planta. En infecciones severas las lesiones en las hojas crecen y coalescen, pudiendo llevar a la muerte prematura de la hoja y de la planta. Los primeros síntomas se inician en las hojas inferiores y prosiguen hacia la parte superior de la planta. Bajo condiciones de alta humedad y temperaturas de 20 a 32 C, el patógeno esporula fácilmente sobre las lesiones foliares, produciendo una masa de esporas de coloración verde-oliva a negro, confiriendo un aspecto aterciopelado a la lesión. Por lo general las espigas no son afectadas por el patógeno, aunque algunas lesiones se pueden formar externamente sobre las brácteas (chalas) de la espiga. Sin embargo, las espigas de las plantas severamente afectadas son más pequeñas.

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Factores predisponentes 

* Alta humedad

* Temperaturas de 20 a 32 °C

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Ciclo de la enfermedad

El patógeno sobrevive en restos culturales de maíz, en hospedantes alternativos, como por ej. Sorghum halepense L. (Levy, 1984) y en semilla (Sautua et al., 2018; De Rossi, 2020). El hongo puede producir clamidosporas dentro de las células de los conidios, globosas, que se forman con noches sucesivas de baja temperatura (aproximadamente 10 °C), en los restos del cultivo (Boosalis et al., 1967; Leach et al., 1977).

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Manejo de la enfermedad

* Híbridos resistentes

* Rotación de cultivos

* Uso de fungicidas de acuerdo con el UDE

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