Mancha amarilla de la hoja del trigo (Pyrenophora tritici-repentis)

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Condición fitosanitaria: Presente

Grupo de cultivos: Cereales

Especie hospedante: Trigo (Triticum aestivum)

Rango de hospedantes: Ptr tiene un amplio rango de hospedantes que incluye varios hospedantes herbáceos cultivados, como T. aestivum (trigo harinero), T. turgidum (trigo duro), Hordeum vulgare (cebada) y Secale cereale (centeno), pero también muchas otras especies de gramíneas (malezas) (Wegulo, 2011).

Etiología: Hongo. Necrotrófico

Epidemiología: policíclica, subaguda.

Agente causal: Drechslera tritici-repentis (anamorfo), Pyrenophora tritici-repentis (Died.) Drechsler 1923 (teleomorfo)

Taxonomía: Eukaryota > Fungi > Dikarya > Ascomycota > Pezizomycotina > Dothideomycetes > Pleosporomycetidae > Pleosporales > Pleosporaceae > Pyrenophora

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Antecedentes

Pyrenophora tritici-repentis fue descrito por primera vez como un patógeno del trigo en Japón en la década de 1920 (Hafez et al., 2022).

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Síntomas

Mancha parda o marrón, con un halo amarillento característico alrededor de la misma. Aparecen principalmente en hojas, de todas maneras, los síntomas más comunes se observan en hojas y vainas. También puede infectar espiguillas (See et al., 2020). Esta enfermedad es comúnmente llamada a) Mancha amarilla debido a los halos amarillentos pronunciados alrededor de las lesiones, b) mancha bronceada  porque la región central presenta una coloración parda y c) Helminthosporiosis porque el agente causal perteneció en el pasado al género Helminthosporium.

La enfermedad no manifiesta signo a campo (los conidios no se observan a ojo desnudo).

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Ciclo de la enfermedad y Epidemiología

P. tritici-repentis sobrevive a los períodos de ausencia de hospedante agronómico como pseudotecios en los residuos o restos culturales (rastrojos) del hospedante principalmente. Los pseudotecios se desarrollan y maduran en el rastrojo de trigo durante el otoño e invierno. Esta se considera tradicionalmente como la principal fuente de inóculo primario. Otras fuentes de inóculo primario incluyen semillas infectadas, trigo voluntario y otras especies de gramíneas (hospedantes alternativos o secundarios). En estos casos, el inóculo es principalmente en forma de conidios. En la primavera, las ascosporas se descargan desde los pseudotecios, se dispersan por el viento, y causan infecciones primarias en las hojas. La descarga de ascosporas se ve favorecida por la lluvia, la alta humedad relativa y las temperaturas superiores a 10°C. Los conidios producidos en las lesiones en maduración de las hojas sirven como inóculo secundario. Sin embargo, los conidios también se pueden producir en rastrojos y servir como inóculo primario (Krupinsky, 1992). Las conidios se producen en mayor número y, debido a su gran tamaño y peso, su dispersión es solo a distancias cortas por el viento. Por lo tanto, son epidemiológicamente más importantes que las ascosporas. Durante y después de la cosecha de trigo, el hongo crece como micelio desde la lámina de la hoja infectada hacia abajo de la vaina de la hoja y hacia el tallo donde más tarde formará pseudotecios. Los estudios indican que las ascosporas pueden servir para dispersar P. tritici-repentis a cortas distancias (Schilder y Bergstrom, 1992).

El clima no es limitante para la ocurrencia de la enfermedad. Se desarrolla en un rango de temperatura entre 18 y 28ºC, y requiere para su infección de alrededor de 30 horas de mojado foliar. El hongo permanece en el rastrojo y en la semilla (See et al., 2020), siendo éstas las principales fuentes de inóculo primario. El patógeno forma ascosporas en pseudotecios y conidios en conidióforos libres. En Argentina y en el resto del Cono Sur, en los últimos años, se ha registrado un aumento de la mancha amarilla, principalmente sobre cultivos de trigo bajo monocultivo y siembra directa. La diseminación a grandes distancias es por semillas infectadas. El hongo penetra por apresorios. El patrón de distribución en el lote es generalizada y uniforme.

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Condiciones predisponentes:

A 20°C, la mayoría de las infecciones ocurren entre 6 y 24 horas en presencia de humedad libre (mojado foliar). En general, se requiere un período húmedo de 6 a 48 horas para que ocurra la infección. La duración del período húmedo requerido para la infección depende de la temperatura predominante. Es más corto en condiciones cálidas y más largo en climas fríos. Los síntomas aparecen entre cinco y siete días después de la infección (período de incubación).

* La siembra de semillas infectadas introduce la enfermedad en campos nuevos o bajo rotación.

* El monocultivo asegura la presencia indefinida del patógeno en el cultivo. Resulta más grave cuando se trata  de siembra directa.

* Temperatura  18-28 ºC, humedad relativa elevada en el período de cultivo (de 6 a 48 horas) y para el caso de las infecciones secundarias además se requiere viento y lluvia..

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Daños

De las enfermedades del trigo, se puede considerar que la mancha amarilla es la principal. Las pérdidas estimadas para la Argentina varían del 20 al 25 %. Afecta principalmente el peso de granos. En ataques intensos puede provocar la pérdida de hojas y un menor número de granos/espiga.

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Manejo de la enfermedad

Las medidas preferenciales (económicas y antes de la siembra) son: tratamiento eficiente de semillas y rotación de cultivos. Ambas deben ser llevadas a cabo complementariamente.

* Tratamiento de semillas: Los fungicidas actualmente usados en Argentina para controlar los carbones no resultan eficientes para controlar al género Drechslera.  Se puede consultar bibliografía en el trabajo » Control químico de semillas de cereales de invierno » , Carmona, M & Erlei Melo Reis Actas de Conferencias del 5to Congreso Nacional de AAPRESID, pp. 70-77, 1998.

* Rotación de cultivos: El trigo debería ser cultivado en el mismo lote, sólo después de la completa mineralización de los restos culturales.  Rotaciones con colza, lino y avena resultan exitosas para el manejo de la enfermedad.

* Aplicación de fungicidas foliares: Esta práctica es recomendada en cultivos donde la enfermedad ya está presente alcanzando un nivel de daño que justifique el control químico. Entre los fungicidas recomendados los más eficientes son los triazoles sistémicos.

* Eliminación de plantas guachas: Tales plantas garantizan la supervivencia del patógeno en el verano‑otoño, actuando como puentes «verdes» y comprometiendo el período de rotación necesario.

* Resistencia varietal: La mayoría de los cultivares de trigo son susceptibles en diversos grados a la mancha amarilla, aunque existen algunos genotipos de trigo que tienen mejor comportamiento. Se han reportado fuentes de resistencia poligénica (QTLs) o cuantitativa a diferentes razas de Ptr (Singh et al., 2008a, 2008b; Gurung et al., 2011, 2014; Patel et al., 2013; Shankar et al., 2017; Dinglasan et al., 2018, 2021; Liu et al., 2020).

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Videos

Identifying Tan Spot EE UU

Yellow or Tan Spot Australia

Tan Spot of Wheat Preview Clip

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