Mancha salpicada o Septoriosis de la hoja del Trigo (Zymoseptoria tritici)

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Condición fitosanitaria: Presente

Grupo de cultivos: Cereales

Especie hospedante: Trigo (Triticum aestivum)

Rango de hospedantes: específico / estrecho (solo infecta trigo)

Epidemiología: policíclica, subaguda.

Etiología: Hongo. Necrotrófico (Hemibiotrófico)

Agente causal:

Zymoseptoria tritici (Desm.) Quaedvlieg & Crous 2011, Synonym: Septoria tritici Rob ex Desm (anamorfo),

Mycosphaerella graminicola (Fuckel) J. Schröt., (1894) (teleomorfo)

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Taxonomía: Eukaryota > Fungi > Dikarya > Ascomycota > Pezizomycotina > Dothideomycetes > Capnodiales > Mycosphaerellaceae > Zymoseptoria

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Síntomas y signos

Las manchas surgen primeramente como puntos cloróticos que luego se expanden, formando las típicas manchas necróticas elongadas, con apariencia de “parches pajizos”. Sobre las mismas aparecen “salpicados” números puntos oscuros (picnidios). Puede provocar la muerte de las hojas. Afecta principalmente las hojas y vainas. Rara vez puede atacar las espigas. En general, las hojas basales presentan mayor intensidad de síntomas. Se evidencia un crecimiento vertical.

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Ciclo de la enfermedad y epidemiología

La principal fuente de inóculo es el rastrojo infectado (principalmente con picnidios). Para la liberación de los conidios, los picnidios requieren la presencia de agua libre. El transporte de las esporas es siempre por salpicaduras de gotas de lluvia las que son llevadas por el viento a corta distancia. La temperatura óptima para la infección es de 15‑20ºC, y con 72‑96 horas de mojado. El patrón de distribución en el lote es generalizada y uniforme. Existe poca información sobre su presencia y transmisión en semillas. En Argentina la importancia de hospedantes secundarios, como fuentes de inóculo, no ha sido esclarecida. En caso de producirse la reproducción sexual, las ascosporas se forman dentro de pseudotecios.

Zymoseptoria tritici infecta la planta hospedante casi exclusivamente a través de los estomas de las hojas. Z. tritici se diferencia de otros hongos fitopatógenos en que no produce estructuras activas especializadas durante la infección y se limita al espacio apoplástico de la planta hospedante.

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Condiciones predisponentes

para el establecimiento y dispersión de la enfermedad se requieren períodos prolongados de elevada humedad relativa, neblinas, frecuentes lluvias, lloviznas y temperaturas entre 15 y 20 °C durante período de cultivo.  El monocultivo asegura la presencia indefinida del patógeno en el cultivo. Resulta más grave bajo siembra directa.

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Daños

Las pérdidas más comunes son del 20 %, pero se citan reducciones del rendimiento del orden del 40 al 60% según los cultivares. Entre los componentes más afectados se encuentran el peso y el número de granos por metro cuadrado.

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Manejo Integrado 

La principal medida preferencial es la siembra de variedades resistentes, si hubiera disponibles; y en segundo lugar la rotación de cultivos.

* Rotación de cultivos: El trigo debería ser cultivado en el mismo lote, sólo después de la completa mineralización de los restos culturales.  Rotaciones con colza, lino y avena resultan exitosas para el manejo de la enfermedad.

Otras:

* Aplicación de fungicidas foliares: Esta práctica es recomendada en cultivos donde la enfermedad ya está presente alcanzando un nivel de daño que justifique el control químico. Entre los fungicidas recomendados los más eficientes son los triazoles sistémicos.

* Eliminación de plantas guachas: Tales plantas garantizan la supervivencia del patógeno en el verano‑otoño, actuando como puentes «verdes» y comprometiendo el período de rotación necesario.

* Resistencia varietal: La mayoría de los cultivares de trigo son susceptibles en diversos grados a Septoria, aunque existen algunos genotipos de trigo que tienen mejor comportamiento.

* Siembra de mezclas de cultivares con diferente nivel de resistencia: en Túnez la inclusión de un cultivar resistente a enfermedades en una proporción del 25% con un cultivar susceptible proporcionó una reducción sustancial de casi el 50% en la gravedad de la enfermedad en comparación con el rodal puro susceptible (Ben et al., 2020).

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Videos

Septoria Leaf Blotch of Wheat

Septoria Life Cycle

Timing of control for Septoria tritici blotch

Importance of septoria control

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Links

Septoria tritici blotch network

Unique resistance gene to leaf spot disease for the first time successfully introduced in wheat, January 19, 2021

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Bibliografía

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Artículos

Another blow to fungal infection. ROTHAMSTED RESEARCH, Frebrero 12, 2018