Síndrome de la muerte súbita (SMS) de la Soja (Fusarium spp)

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Condición fitosanitaria: Presente

Grupo de cultivos: Oleaginosas

Especie hospedante: Soja (Glycine max)

Rango de hospedantes: amplio, no específico

Epidemiología: monocíclica, subaguda

Etiología: Hongo. Necrotrófico

Agente causal: 

Fusarium virguliforme O’Donnell & T. Aoki,

Fusarium tucumaniae T. Aoki, O’Donnell, Yos. Homma & Lattanzi,

Fusarium brasiliense T. Aoki & O’Donnell,

Fusarium crassistipitatum Scandiani, T. Aoki & O´Donnell, sp. nov. (Aoki et al., 2005)

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Taxonomía: Eukaryota > Fungi > Dikarya > Ascomycota > Pezizomycotina > Sordariomycetes > Hypocreales > Nectriaceae > Fusarium

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Síntomas

Los primeros síntomas del síndrome de la muerte súbita (SMS) de la soja, conocido en inglés como soybean sudden death syndrome (SDS), generalmente se manifiestan a partir de floración en adelante, aunque pueden observarse en etapas vegetativas, y consisten en clorosis con posterior necrosis internerval (semejantes a las causadas por el cancro y la pudrición por Phialophora gregata).

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Frecuentemente se produce la caída de los folíolos, quedando los pecíolos adheridos al tallo. Los síntomas foliares progresan rápidamente, de aquí el nombre de muerte súbita. El sistema radicular es afectado y se observa menor desarrollo y podredumbre de raíces, lo cual determina que las plantas afectadas puedan ser fácilmente arrancadas del suelo. En infecciones severas puede observarse manchado rojizo que puede rodear el cuello de la planta. El tejido externo se pudre, pero la médula permanece blanca. Los síntomas pueden ser confundidos con la podredumbre del tallo causada por Phialophora gregata. La clave en la detección de esta enfermedad es que el tejido vascular puede tornarse marrón rojizo, pero la médula permanece siempre blanca. Las plantas se marchitan, mueren prematuramente en forma aislada pero más comúnmente en grupo o a veces distribuidas por todo el campo.

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Condiciones ambientales predisponentes para el establecimiento de la enfermedad

Suelos productivos, fértiles, cultivos bajo siembra directa con muchos años de soja sin rotación, húmedos parecen reunir condiciones predisponentes para la enfermedad. La severidad es mayor con tiempo fresco, húmedo y suelos compactados, con drenaje deficiente. A menudo está asociado a nematodes (Heterodera glycines).

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Antecedentes y Daños

El síndrome de la muerte súbita o repentina (SMS) es una importante enfermedad fúngica de la soja (Leandro et al., 2012). En la Argentina fue identificada por primera vez en la región pampeana norte, durante la campaña 1991/92, y en el noroeste argentino (NOA) en la campaña siguiente (Scandiani et al., 2012). Progresivamente, se convirtió en una de las patologías de mayor importancia con daños en variedades susceptibles entre 15 y 90%, en el C. y N. del país, respectivamente (Ploper, 1993). Los primeros síntomas generalmente se manifiestan a partir de floración, aunque pueden observarse en etapas vegetativas, y consisten en clorosis con posterior necrosis internerval, pudiendo aparecer en estados vegetativos tempranos como V4 (Rupe & Hartman, 1999). Frecuentemente, se produce la caída de los folíolos, quedando los pecíolos adheridos al tallo. El sistema radicular es afectado, exhibiendo pigmentación rojiza en algunas ocasiones, en forma externa y basal, observándose menor desarrollo y podredumbre de raíces. Las plantas se marchitan, mueren en forma aislada, pero más comúnmente en grupos, o a veces distribuidas por todo el campo.

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El agente causal del SMS fue conocido primariamente como Fusarium solani f. sp. glycines, posteriormente a estudios filogenéticos moleculares, morfológicos y patogénicos realizados desde 2003, se demostró que es causado por cuatro especies de Fusarium habitantes del suelo muy relacionadas entre sí: F. virguliforme O’Donnell & T. Aoki, F. tucumaniae T. Aoki, O’Donnell, Yos. Homma & Lattanzi, F. brasiliense T. Aoki & O’Donnell, y una especie nueva Fusarium crassistipitatum Scandiani, T. Aoki & O´Donnell, sp. nov. (Aoki et al., 2005). En Argentina se comprobó la existencia de los todos los agentes causales, con prevalencia de F. tucumaniae, seguido por F. virguliforme, siendo esta última la única especie presente en Estados Unidos (Scandiani et al., 2004; O´Donnell et al., 2010; Aoki et al., 2005). En Brasil, estudios efectuados con pocos aislamientos, demostraron que al menos se encuentran presentes F. tucumaniae, F. brasiliense y F. crassistipitatum. En 2006 se demostró la ocurrencia de la forma sexual (peritecios) de F. tucumaniae mediante cruzamientos en condiciones de laboratorio (Covert et al., 2007) y en 2010 se la encontró en la naturaleza en Fontezuela, Buenos Aires (Scandiani et al., 2011).

Las pérdidas en el rendimiento son variables y dependientes del genotipo, ambiente, condiciones edáficas, fecha de siembra, disponibilidad de K, macroporosidad y pH del suelo, biotipos presentes del/los patógenos y posiblemente de otros factores también involucrados (Estevez de Jensen et al., 2001; Leandro et al., 2012); en Argentina se estimaron daños promedio de 1514 kg/ha (entre 192-3770 kg/ha) según Scandiani et al. (2012).

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Ciclo de la enfermedad

Las especies de Fusarium tienen varias estrategias de supervivencia, como conidios o clamidosporas en reposo en el suelo, infestación de restos de cultivo (rastrojos) e infección de un amplio rango de hospedantes alternativos. Las clamidosporas de Fusarium pueden sobrevivir en el suelo durante muchos años.  La infección es vía radicular.

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Manejo de la enfermedad

La mejor estrategia es la utilización de variedades que tengan mejor comportamiento, y la posibilidad de sembrar en suelos supresivos (aquellos suelos que son capaces naturalmente de inhibir la colonización e infección de patógenos) (Westphal y Xing, 2011). Los suelos compactados también aumentan la intensidad de las enfermedades causadas por Fusarium spp. Por lo tanto, minimizar la compactación del suelo mejora  el drenaje y el crecimiento de las raíces de las plantas. Si los granos infectados con Fusarium spp. se utilizan como semilla, los tratamientos de semillas con fungicidas pueden usarse para reducir la podredumbre de las semillas y las enfermedades de las plántulas causadas por Fusarium spp. Sin embargo, el tratamiento de las semillas no es adecuado para el control de la SMS de la soja (Zaworski, 2014).

Otra práctica cultural es la rotación de cultivos incluyendo cultivos no hospedantes, como el trigo con rotación soja-alfalfa, que potencialmente podría reducir el SMS. Sin embargo, la combinación maíz-soja en rotación anual no reduce ni la incidencia ni la severidad de la enfermedad. Rotaciones anuales de maíz y soja (en comparación con otros diseños de rotación plurianuales que incluyen otras gramíneas y forrajeras) no son efectivas para reducir el riesgo del SMS. Xing y Westphal (2009) encontraron que después de rotaciones con maíz, las raíces de soja no estaban visualmente más sanas que las que provenían del monocultivo de soja. Cuando se siembra maíz, la población de patógenos edáficos puede declinar hasta cierto punto, pero no lo suficiente como para reducir la presión de enfermedad cuando se siembre soja al año siguiente. Aunque una rotación de dos años puede mantener las densidades poblacionales del nematodo del quiste de la soja (NQS, causado por Heterodera glycines) por debajo de los umbrales de daño económico, si la densidad poblacional inicial es baja, dicha rotación es demasiado corta como para reducir el riesgo del SMS (Xing y Westphal, 2006; Diaz Arias, 2012; Westphal et al., 2014). Por otro lado, recientemente se ha sugerido que una cosecha de maíz limpia podría reducir el riesgo del SMS, al reducir la colonización de granos de maíz que favorecen la supervivencia de F. virguliforme, mientras que pérdidas considerable de maíz durante la cosecha podrían aumentar el riesgo del SMS (Navi y Yang, 2016). Por lo tanto, el cultivo continuo debe ser evitado si las enfermedades de Fusarium spp. son severas en un campo, especialmente en sistemas bajo siembra directa. De esta manera, en general el SMS de la soja no puede ser controlado por la rotación de cultivos (Marburger et al., 2014).

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Videos

Detecting soybean sudden death syndrome using remote sensing Iowa State University

Sudden Death Syndrome of Soybean. Univ of Wisconsin Integrated Pest and Crop Management, Dr. Damon Smith

Sudden Death Syndrome in Soybean. University of Nebraska-Lincoln Plant Pathologist, Loren Giesler

Soybean Disease: Sudden Death Syndrome. Purdue Extension Entm, Dr. Kiersten Wise

Sudden Death Syndrome (SDS) of Soybeans

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