Tizón de la vaina y el tallo y podredumbre de semillas de la Soja (Phomopsis spp)

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Condición fitosanitaria: Presente / Presente

Grupo de cultivos: Oleaginosas

Especie hospedante: Soja (Glycine max)

Rango de hospedantes: específico / estrecho

Etiología: Hongo. Necrotrófico

Agente causal: 

Phomopsis sojae (anamorfo) / Diaporthe sojae  Lehman, 1923  (teleomorfo), es el agente causal del tizón de la vaina y el tallo

Phomopsis longicolla (anamorfo) / Diaporthe longicolla  Hobbs, 1985  (teleomorfo), es el agente principal de la pudrición y decaimiento de la semilla

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Taxonomía: Eukaryota > Fungi > Dikarya > Ascomycota > Pezizomycotina > Sordariomycetes > Diaporthales > Diaporthaceae > Diaporthe

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Síntomas

Los síntomas más frecuentes son observados en semilla, vainas y tallos. El signo característico es la presencia de picnidios (se observan como puntuaciones negras), en hileras en tallos y dispersos en vainas, los cuales bajo condiciones de alta humedad incrementan su número. La semilla infectada puede presentarse arrugada y muchas veces cubierta por micelio blanco. Sin embargo, puede tener aspecto normal y estar infectada.

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Condiciones ambientales predisponentes para el establecimiento de la enfermedad

Temperaturas superiores a 20 ºC y lluvias a partir de madurez fisiológica favorecen la infección de la semilla a partir de las paredes carpelares de la vaina. La lluvia está fuertemente asociada al crecimiento de esta enfermedad. La infección de semillas es más grave cuanto más se demore la cosecha en esas condiciones.

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Importancia relativa

Alta. De gran prevalencia en todas las zonas, Phomopsis es uno de los patógenos que más disminuyen la calidad de la semilla, generando alta mortandad de plántulas y disminuyendo el poder germinativo.

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Manejo de la enfermedad

Sembrar semillas sanas o tratadas con fungicidas. Fertilizar adecuadamente los lotes. Rotación de cultivos. Aplicación de fungicidas foliares.

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