Tizón de la hoja y mancha púrpura de la semilla de la Soja (Cercospora kikuchii)

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Condición fitosanitaria: Presente ampliamente distribuida

Grupo de cultivos: Oleaginosas

Especie hospedante: Soja (Glycine max)

Rango de hospedantes: intermedio, infecta soja pero puede infectar varios hospedantes alternativos.

Etiología: Hongo. Necrotrófico (Hemibiotrófico)

Agente causal: Cercospora kikuchii (T. Matsu & Tomoyasu) Gardner

Taxonomía: Eukaryota > Fungi > Dikarya > Ascomycota > Pezizomycotina > Dothideomycetes > Capnodiales > Mycosphaerellaceae > Cercospora

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Sintomatología

La enfermedad puede presentar síntomas en semillas, tallos, hojas y vainas. Hojas: lesiones de forma variable, angulares a irregulares, localizadas a generalizadas, el rasgo típico es de color morado, bronceado a púrpura. Las hojas superiores manifiestan esta característica con mayor intensidad debido a un pigmento tóxico fotoactivo producido por el hongo (cercosporina). Vainas: manchado generalizado de color morado. Las infecciones severas pueden causar defoliación o senescencia prematura. Semillas: presencia de manchas de color púrpura, y muchas veces, el agrietamiento del tegumento.

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Condiciones predisponentes para el establecimiento de la enfermedad

Coincidencia de alta humedad relativa, temperaturas de 25 a 30 ºC y mojado foliar. Este patógeno tiene gran capacidad de esporulación en rastrojos, no requiere agua para la dispersión (sí para la infección). Los conidios se forman en conidióforos libres por lo que son llevados por el viento a cortas distancias (pesados).

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Daños

Importancia relativa alta, es probablemente la enfermedad foliar de mayor crecimiento en los últimos años en Argentina.

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Ciclo de la enfermedad

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Manejo Integrado

* Siembra de variedades de soja resistentes al Tizón de la hoja de soja y mancha púrpura de la semilla, cuando estuvieran disponibles (actualmente no hay disponibles variedades resistentes en Argentina. Se han encontrado fuentes de resistencia en EE. UU. y Japón (Jackson et al., 2008; Alloatti et al., 2015; Alloatti et al., 2015; Li et al., 2019; Kashiwa et al., 2021; Ward et al., 2021).

* Sembrar semilla sana o tratadas con fungicidas

* Rotación de cultivos

* Aplicación foliar de fungicidas de acuerdo con un criterio científico

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Bibliografía

Albu S, Schneider RW, Price PP, Doyle VP (2016) Cercospora cf. flagellaris and Cercospora cf. sigesbeckiae are associated with Cercospora leaf blight and purple seed stain on soybean in North America. Phytopathology 106: 1376–1385. doi: 10.1094/PHYTO-12-15-0332-R

Albu S, Price PP III, Doyle V, et al. (2016) The G143A Mutation is Responsible for Strobilurin Fungicide Resistance in Cercospora cf. flagellaris, a Leaf Blight and Purple Seed Stain Pathogen of Louisiana Soybean. Plant Health Progress 17(3): 197-197. doi: 10.1094/PHP-BR-16-0043

Albu S, Sharma S, Bluhm BH, et al. (2017) Draft Genome Sequence of Cercospora cf. sigesbeckiae, a Causal Agent of Cercospora Leaf Blight on Soybean. Genome announcements. 5(36): e00708-17. doi: 10.1128/genomeA.00708-17

Alloatti J, Li S, Chen P, et al. (2015) Screening a Diverse Soybean Germplasm Collection for Reaction to Purple Seed Stain Caused by Cercospora kikuchii. Plant Disease 99:8, 1140-1146. doi: 10.1094/PDIS-09-14-0878-RE

Alloatti J, Chen P, Zeng A, et al. (2015) Inheritance of and molecular markers for purple seed stain resistance in soybean. Euphytica 206(3): 701–709. doi: 10.1007/s10681-015-1492-2

Arantes MR, Dias LP, Costa JH, et al. (2020) Gene expression during development and overexpression after Cercospora kikuchii and salicylic acid challenging indicate defensive roles of the soybean toxin. Plant Cell Rep. 39(5): 669-682. doi: 10.1007/s00299-020-02523-1

Borges LL, Ferreira TF, LanaI MG, et al. (2018) Multi-host species of Cercospora are associated with Cercospora leaf blight and purple seed stain of soybean. Tropical Plant Pathology 43(2): 170–177. doi: 10.1007/s40858-017-0205-x

Cai G, Schneider RW, Padgett GB (2009) Assessment of lineages of Cercospora kikuchii in Louisiana for aggressiveness and screening soybean cultivars for resistance to Cercospora leaf blight. Plant Disease 93: 868-874. doi: 10.1094/PDIS-93-9-0868

Callahan TM, Rose MS, Meade MJ, et al. (1999) CFP, the putative cercosporin transporter of Cercospora kikuchii, is required for wild type cercosporin production, resistance, and virulence on soybean. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions 12(10): 901-10. doi: 10.1094/MPMI.1999.12.10.901

Carmona M, Moschini R,Cazenave G, Sautua F (2010) Relación entre la precipitación registrada en estados reproductivos de la soja y la severidad de Septoria glycines y Cercospora kikuchii. Tropical Plant Pathology 35(2): 71-78. doi: 10.1590/S1982-56762010000200001

Carmona M, Sautua F, Perelman S, Gally M, Reis EM (2015) Development and validation of a fungicide scoring system for management of late season soybean diseases in Argentina. Crop Protection 70: 83-91. doi: 10.1016/j.cropro.2015.01.019

Carmona MA, Gally ME, Grijalba PE, Sautua FJ (2015) Evolución de las enfermedades de la soja en Argentina: pasado y presente. Aportes de la FAUBA al manejo integrado. Agronomía & ambiente Revista Facultad de Agronomía UBA 35(1): 37-52.

Carmona M, Sautua F, Scandiani M, Bello R, Lopez Virginia, Luque A (2017) In vitro sensitivity assessment for late season soybean pathogens to fungicide mixtures. Australasian Plant Disease Notes 12: 20. doi: 10.1007/s13314-017-0244-7

Carmona M, Sautua F, Pérez-Hernández O, Mandolesi J (2017) AgroDecisor EFC: First Android™ app decision support tool for timing fungicide applications for management of late-season soybean diseases. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture (In Press), Available online 24 November 2017. doi: 10.1016/j.compag.2017.11.028

Chanda AK, Ward NA, Robertson CL, Chen Z-Y, Schneider RW (2014) Development of a quantitative polymerase chain reaction detection protocol for Cercospora kikuchii in soybean leaves and its use for documenting latent infection as affected by fungicide applications. Phytopathology 104: 1118-1124. doi: 10.1094/PHYTO-07-13-0200-R

Chen H, Lee M, Daub ME, Chung K (2007) Molecular analysis of the cercosporin biosynthetic gene cluster in Cercospora nicotianae. Molecular Microbiology 64: 755-770. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2007.05689.x

de Mello FE, Lopes-Caitar VS, Prudente H, et al. (2021) Sensitivity of Cercospora spp. from soybean to quinone outside inhibitors and methyl benzimidazole carbamate fungicides in Brazil. Tropical Plant Pathology 46: 69–80. doi: 10.1007/s40858-020-00410-4

Dixon E et al. (2020) Cytochrome b mutations F129L and G143A confer resistance to azoxystrobin in Cercospora nicotianae, the frogeye leaf spot pathogen of tobacco. Plant Disease (in press). doi: 10.1094/PDIS-02-19-0382-RE

Doyle VP, Tonry HT, Amsden B, et al. (2019) First Report of Cercospora cf. flagellaris on Industrial Hemp (Cannabis sativa) in Kentucky. Plant Disease 103: 1784-1784. doi: 10.1094/PDIS-01-19-0135-PDN

Imazaki I, Homma Y, Kato M, et al.(2006) Genetic Relationships Between Cercospora kikuchii Populations from South America and Japan. Phytopathology 96:1000-1008. doi: 10.1094/PHYTO-96-1000

Imazaki I, Iizumi H, Ishikawa K, et al. (2006) Effects of thiophanate-methyl and azoxystrobin on the composition of Cercospora kikuchii populations with thiophanate-methyl-resistant strains. J Gen Plant Pathol 72: 292–300. doi: 10.1007/s10327-006-0285-9

Imazaki I, Ishikawa K, Yasuda N, et al. (2006) Incidence of thiophanate-methyl resistance in Cercospora kikuchii within a single lineage based on amplified fragment length polymorphisms in Japan. J Gen Plant Pathol 72: 77–84. doi: 10.1007/s10327-005-0260-x

Jackson EW, Feng C, Fenn P, Chen P (2008) Genetic Mapping of Resistance to Purple Seed Stain in PI 80837 Soybean. Journal of Heredity 99: 319-322, doi: 10.1093/jhered/esm123

Kashiwa T, Suzuki T (2021) High-quality genome assembly of the soybean fungal pathogen Cercospora kikuchii, G3 Genes|Genomes|Genetics jkab277. doi: 10.1093/g3journal/jkab277

Kashiwa T, Lavilla MA, et al. (2021) The use of detached leaf inoculation for selecting Cercospora kikuchii resistance in soybean genotypes. PhytoFrontiers. doi: 10.1094/PHYTOFR-01-21-0002-TA

Li S, Sciumbato G, Boykin D, et al. (2019) Evaluation of soybean genotypes for reaction to natural field infection by Cercospora species causing purple seed stain. PLoS ONE 14(10): e0222673. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222673

Mattio MC, Peretti Canale MV, et al. (2018) Validación de una técnica de Dot blot para la detección de Cercospora kikuchii en plantas de soja. Revista Argentina de Microbiología 50(2): 211-215. doi: 10.1016/j.ram.2017.06.003

Price P, Purvis MA, Cai G, et al. (2015) Fungicide resistance in Cercospora kikuchii, a soybean pathogen. Plant Disease 99: 1596–1603. doi: 10.1094/PDIS-07-14-0782-RE

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Sautua FJ, Searight J, Doyle VP, et al. (2019) The G143A mutation confers azoxystrobin resistance to soybean Cercospora leaf blight in Bolivia. Plant Health Prog 20: 2-3. doi: 10.1094/PHP-10-18-0060-BR

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Sautua FJ, Searight J, Doyle VP, et al. (2020) Cercospora cf. nicotianae is a causal agent of Cercospora Leaf Blight of soybean. European Journal of Plant Pathology 156: 1227–1231 . doi: 10.1007/s10658-020-01969-z

Sautua FJ, Doyle VP, Price PP, et al. (2020) Fungicide resistance in Cercospora species causing Cercospora leaf blight and Purple seed stain of soybean in Argentina. Plant Pathology  69: 1678– 1694. doi: 10.1111/ppa.13261

Sautua FJ (2021) Sensibilidad y resistencia a fungicidas de Cercospora kikuchii, agente causal del tizón de la hoja y mancha púrpura de la semilla de la soja. Tesis doctoral. UNLP. doi: 10.35537/10915/127606

Sequín CJ, Sampietro DA, Sgariglia MA, et al. (2020) Use of extracts from Prosopis nigra in the control of Cercospora kikuchii and Septoria glycines. Industrial Crops and Products 158: 112979. doi: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2020.112979

Silva EC, Abhayawardhana PL, Lygin AV, et al.(2018) Coumestrol Confers Partial Resistance in Soybean Plants Against Cercospora Leaf Blight. Phytopathology 108(8): 935-947. doi: 10.1094/PHYTO-05-17-0189-R

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Kashiwa T, Suzuki T (2021) High-quality genome assembly of the soybean fungal pathogen Cercospora kikuchii, G3 Genes|Genomes|Genetics jkab277. doi: 10.1093/g3journal/jkab277

Kashiwa T, Lavilla MA, Diaz Paleo A, et al. (2021) The use of detached leaf inoculation for selecting Cercospora kikuchii resistance in soybean genotypes. PhytoFrontiers™. doi: 10.1094/PHYTOFR-01-21-0002-TA

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Zivanovic M, Chen ZY (2021) In Vitro Screening of Various Bacterially Produced Double-Stranded RNAs for Silencing Cercospora cf. flagellaris Target Genes and Suppressing Cercosporin Production. Phytopathology PHYTO09200409R. doi: 10.1094/PHYTO-09-20-0409-R

Zivanovic M, Ward B, Price PP, Chen Z-Y (2021) Elucidation of factors contributing to Cercospora leaf blight onset during later reproductive development of soybean. Plant Pathol. Accepted Author Manuscript. doi: 10.1111/ppa.13456