Tizón de la hoja y mancha púrpura de la semilla de la Soja (Cercospora kikuchii)

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Condición fitosanitaria: Presente ampliamente distribuida

Grupo de cultivos: Oleaginosas

Especie hospedante: Soja (Glycine max)

Rango de hospedantes: intermedio, infecta soja pero puede infectar varios hospedantes alternativos.

Etiología: Hongo. Necrotrófico (Hemibiotrófico)

Agente causal: Cercospora kikuchii (T. Matsu & Tomoyasu) Gardner

Taxonomía: Eukaryota > Fungi > Dikarya > Ascomycota > Pezizomycotina > Dothideomycetes > Capnodiales > Mycosphaerellaceae > Cercospora

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Sintomatología

La enfermedad puede presentar síntomas en semillas, tallos, hojas y vainas. Hojas: lesiones de forma variable, angulares a irregulares, localizadas a generalizadas, el rasgo típico es de color morado, bronceado a púrpura. Las hojas superiores manifiestan esta característica con mayor intensidad debido a un pigmento tóxico fotoactivo producido por el hongo (cercosporina). Vainas: manchado generalizado de color morado. Las infecciones severas pueden causar defoliación o senescencia prematura. Semillas: presencia de manchas de color púrpura, y muchas veces, el agrietamiento del tegumento.

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Condiciones predisponentes para el establecimiento de la enfermedad

Coincidencia de alta humedad relativa, temperaturas de 25 a 30 ºC y mojado foliar. Este patógeno tiene gran capacidad de esporulación en rastrojos, no requiere agua para la dispersión (sí para la infección). Los conidios se forman en conidióforos libres por lo que son llevados por el viento a cortas distancias (pesados).

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Daños

Importancia relativa alta, es probablemente la enfermedad foliar de mayor crecimiento en los últimos años en Argentina.

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Ciclo de la enfermedad

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Manejo Integrado

* Siembra de variedades de soja resistentes al Tizón de la hoja de soja y mancha púrpura de la semilla, cuando estuvieran disponibles (actualmente no hay disponibles variedades resistentes en Argentina. Se han encontrado fuentes de resistencia en EE. UU. y Japón (Jackson et al., 2008; Alloatti et al., 2015; Alloatti et al., 2015; Li et al., 2019; Kashiwa et al., 2021; Ward et al., 2021).

* Sembrar semilla sana o tratadas con fungicidas

* Rotación de cultivos

* Aplicación foliar de fungicidas de acuerdo con un criterio científico

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Bibliografía

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Albu S, Sharma S, Bluhm BH, et al. (2017) Draft Genome Sequence of Cercospora cf. sigesbeckiae, a Causal Agent of Cercospora Leaf Blight on Soybean. Genome announcements. 5(36): e00708-17. doi: 10.1128/genomeA.00708-17

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de Mello FE, Lopes-Caitar VS, Prudente H, et al. (2021) Sensitivity of Cercospora spp. from soybean to quinone outside inhibitors and methyl benzimidazole carbamate fungicides in Brazil. Tropical Plant Pathology 46: 69–80. doi: 10.1007/s40858-020-00410-4

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