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Condición fitosanitaria: Presente
Grupo de cultivos: Hortícolas
Especie hospedante: Zanahoria (Daucus carota L.)
Rango de hospedantes: Streptomyces tiene un amplio rango de hospedantes que comprende cultivos formadores de tubérculos como papa (Solanum tuberosum), la remolacha (Beta vulgaris), la zanahoria (Daucus carota), la chirivía (Pastinaca sativa), el rábano (Raphanus sativus), el colinabo (Brassica napobrassica) y el nabo (Brassica rapa). S. scabies también inhibe el crecimiento de plántulas en plantas monocotiledóneas y dicotiledóneas (Lerat et al., 2009). Las especies patógenas de Streptomyces no muestran un alto nivel de especificidad por el hospedante en condiciones controladas. Leiner et al. (1996) reportaron sobre el efecto de la inoculación con cepas virulentas de S. scabies en las plántulas de 14 plantas de cultivo, incluidas especies de monocotiledóneas y dicotiledóneas. La presencia de la bacteria patógena alteró negativamente el crecimiento de los brotes en 11 de las especies analizadas. Sin embargo, la variedad de hospedantes propensos a la infección por sarna común en condiciones de campo parece estar restringida a un número limitado de cultivos agrícolas (Goyer y Beaulieu, 1997). (*)
Etiología: Bacteria. Gram positiva filamentosa (**)
Agente causal: Streptomyces scabiei corrig. (ex Thaxter 1891) Lambert and Loria 1989; S. europaeiscabiei; S. turgidiscabies; S. acidiscabies; S. luridiscabiei sp. nov., S. puniciscabiei sp. nov.; S. niveiscabiei sp. nov. (*)
El cambio de nombre a Streptomyces scabies ocurrió en 1948, se revivió en 1989, pero luego se cambió a S. scabiei en 1997 para seguir la convención gramatical (Lambert y Loria, 1989). Sin embargo, el nombre S. scabies tiene un uso ampliamente aceptado, especialmente entre los investigadores de fitomejoramiento y manejo de enfermedades (Braun et al., 2017).
(*) En un estudio preliminar, Henao et al. (2021) detectaron las especies S. pratensis, S. xiamenensis y species desconocidas (sin poder clasificar), como patógenas causantes de sarna de la papa en Colombia.
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Taxonomía: Bacteria > Terrabacteriagroup > Actinobacteria > Actinobacteria > Streptomycetales > Streptomycetaceae > Streptomyces
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Las especies de Streptomyces son bacterias saprofitas que habitan en el suelo, de las cuales solo unas pocas causan enfermedades en las estructuras subterráneas de las plantas (Locci, 1994). Streptomyces scabies, agente causal de la sarna común en los tubérculos de papa (Solanum tuberosum), es la especie más conocida, pero no la única (Loria et al., 1997; Wanner, 2006). En la República Argentina se han reportado hasta la fecha tres especies fitopatógenas: S. scabies, S. acidiscabies y S. turgidiscabies (Barrera et al., 2013).
La producción de fitotoxinas llamadas taxtominas es esencial para la virulencia de los agentes comunes que causan la sarna. Los genes implicados en la vía biosintética de las taxtominas y otros genes de virulencia se agrupan en una gran isla de patogenicidad.
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(**) El género Streptomyces tiene un ciclo de vida de desarrollo complejo (Flärdh y Buttner, 2009). Streptomyces tiene un crecimiento aéreo filamentoso y ramificado que produce esporas en cadenas, llamadas gonidios. Por lo tanto, S. scabies es una bacteria que se asemeja a los hongos debido a su morfología filamentosa. El micelio está compuesto por hifas delgadas (de aproximadamente 1 μm de diámetro), ramificadas, con pocas o ninguna pared transversal. Las esporas cilíndricas (0,5 por 0,9-1,0 μm) se producen en cadenas espirales maduras que contienen 20 o más esporas (Lambert y Loria, 1989). Las esporas se liberan de la punta de las hifas. En comparación con las endosporas formadas por especies de Bacillus, las esporas de Streptomyces son mucho menos resistentes a condiciones adversas, aunque pueden sobrevivir durante largos períodos de tiempo en un estado desecado (Flärdh y Buttner, 2009). Por tanto, parecería que las esporas de Streptomyces en gran parte latentes están bien adaptadas para la dispersión del organismo en el medio ambiente (Hopwood, 2007).
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- Micrografía electrónica de barrido (SEM) de Streptomyces scabiei. La bacteria produce hifas espirales y tabiques de esporulación con constricciones. La barra de escala representa 1 μm. Autor: Lin et al. 2018
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- Ciclo de vida de desarrollo de Streptomyces coelicolor. La barra de escala representa 6 µm. Autores: Flärdh y Buttner, 2009.
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En la figura se esquematiza el desarrollo morfológico durante el ciclo de vida de S. coelicolor, otra especie de Streptomyces, a modo de ejemplo. La germinación de una espora implica hinchazón, polarización del crecimiento y aparición de un tubo germinativo que se convierte en hifa. Las hifas crecen por extensión de la punta y se ramifican en un micelio vegetativo que crece a lo largo y profundo del sustrato, dando lugar a la colonia vegetativa. En respuesta al agotamiento de nutrientes y otras señales, las hifas aéreas rompen la tensión superficial, escapan del ambiente acuoso y crecen en el aire. Las hifas aéreas se diferencian en una larga cadena de compartimentos de esporas, que luego desarrollan paredes de esporas gruesas, sintetizan un pigmento de esporas de policétido gris y desarrollan las otras características de las esporas maduras. Las esporas, en gran parte latentes, son el medio para la dispersión de este organismo en el medio ambiente y pueden eventualmente germinar cuando encuentran las condiciones adecuadas (Flärdh y Buttner, 2009).
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Síntomas
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- Autor: Utah State University
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Ver una descripción completa de la enfermedad en el cultivo de papa.
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Bibliografía
Streptomyces scabiei. Sistema Nacional Argentino de Vigilancia y Monitoreo de plagas
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